PG Swot Analysis - 10435 Words

About the Consumer Products Industry Nondurable consumer products or consumables companies develop and manufacture a variety of household items that have a limited life span, usually three years or less. The industry can be segmented into household products and personal care products. Household products include: soaps and other detergents, such as laundry detergents and bleaches; polishes and sanitation goods; and other cleansing agents. Personal care products consist of : personal cleaning products such as toothpastes, shampoos, bar soaps and body washes; health and beauty aids, including cosmetics, fragrances and over the counter medications; and diapers and feminine hygiene products. Other items range from cat litter to automotive†¦show more content†¦There are four main categories of new product development: All new products â€Å"New and improved† products Product line extensions Changes at the consumer level Strengthening a Strong Brand Image For a manufacturer, product mix- the type and quantity of merchandise it sells- is a critical factoring the company’s success, even its survival. Because products sometimes appear to be indistinguishable from one another, a company’s main objective is to develop brands that are well recognized by consumers. The ultimate goal is to attain a leading market share in a category that has an expanding customer base. Brand Power: For both household and personal care product manufacturers, having a brand with a leading market share is a key competitive advantage. A strong brand fosters consumer loyalty, which in turn creates the opportunity for additional market share growth and above-average pricing flexibility. One good example is PG’s Tide laundry detergent. Despite a selling price above that of many other brands and the entry of Wal-Mart stores Inc.’s private-label product, Tide continues to strengthen its No. 1 position in US laundry detergent sales. Market Share Advantage: Having a product with a leading market share is important for several reasons. First, the higher a company’s market share, the more power it will have with retailers. This helps ensure that it products areShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis of PG1235 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT ANALYSIS OF P and G P and G is one of the largest consumer goods company in the world. It markets 300+ brands in more than 180 countries. P and G is engaged in diverse products like beauty, health, fabric, snacks and many more. P and G’s leading market position with its strong brand portfolio provides it with a significant competitive advantage. But there are lot of external factors like economic slowdown, environmental factors, etc which pose a threat to P and G’s progress. InternalRead MoreSwot Analysis Of P G895 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelop rate later on. In China and Russia, PG is utilizing its portfolio of heading brands to draw in, form and grow a system of distributors. Presently its distributor system in China reaches at around 800 million individuals. In Russia, it now has an entry to 80% of the population. Therefore, with its extending distribution system, PG could tackle opportunities in these two nations to upgrade its market share and also balance out its top line develo pment. PG is pursuing a clearly drafted developmentRead MoreSwot Analysis Of P G s Gillette Brand1044 Words   |  5 Pagescustomer s needs and wants. Geographic Segments PG s Gillette brand is organised in five geographic regions: North America, Western Europe, Central Eastern Europe/Middle East/Africa(CEEMEA),Latin America and Asia, which is comprised of Japan, Greater China and ASEAN/Australia/India/Korea Through their innovative products Gillette always attract customers. They design product specially for particular region. Demographic Segments Gillette is a PG s world s leading male grooming brand, includingRead MoreThe Ceo Of Procter And Gamble812 Words   |  4 Pages1) Identify the CEO and characterize his leadership style. The CEO of Procter and Gamble is Alan G. Lafley. Mr. Lafley had recently retired from the company in 2009 after being CEO for 10 years. After only three years, PG’s new CEO Robert McDonald resigned because of declining sales and the complaints of investors. Thus, bringing back Alan Lafley to try and bring the company back to stability. His type of leadership style is one with high expectations of everyone within the company. He is a leaderRead MoreBlackmores1291 Words   |  6 PagesAustralian School of Business ACCT5910 Business Analysis and Valuation Lesson Plan †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Dot Com case study Why do we need to undertake strategy analysis? Industry I d t analysis l i Competitive strategy analysis Corporate strategy analysis SWOT analysis Australian School of Business B i Class 2: Strategy Analysis gy y Dot Com – NASDQ index from 1 Jan 1996-30 Dec 2002 School of Business B i Australian A. Why Strategy Analysis †¢ †¢ Strategy drives the actions of an organisationRead MoreA Market Analysis Focused On Procter Gamble1520 Words   |  7 PagesA Market Analysis Focusing on Procter Gamble Dorothy Dilger Herzing University November 23, 2014 A SWOT analysis is an effective tool for acquiring insight toward a company’s internal strengths and weakness, and external opportunities and threats. PG’s greatest strengths are their aggressiveness toward understanding consumer needs, strong research and development, and a diversification strategy. The company’s weaknesses are substantial competition in the consumer goods industry, andRead MoreFashion Industry Imc Campaign Lisa Brown1114 Words   |  5 PagesINTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS CAMPAIGN PROPOSAL     Integrated Marketing Communications Campaign Overview for Lisa Brown    1   |   P a g e                 Overview As   a   small   boutique   designer   label,   Lisa   Brown   has   limited   resources   to   implement   a   detailed    marketing   plan.   However,   in   such   a   competitive   environment,   it   is   increasingly   importantRead MoreTaking a Look at Procter Analysis1005 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Procter and Gamble (P G) is one of the renowned and well-known firms in the world and specifically America and it was originated in 1837.This firm was founded by William Procter and James Gamble. In the beginning, they used to manufacture only soap and candles but as the time passed their growth in business was the remarkable effort. Procter and Gamble has become one of the biggest consumer goods company in the world. Their products are sold in over 180 countries, which include severalRead MoreStrategy Formulation, Situation Analysis and Business Analysis1590 Words   |  7 PagesFormulation: Situation Analysis and Business Strategy Institut fà ¼r Strategisches Management Institut fà ¼r Strategisches Management Situational Analysis Strategy Formulation - developing a corporation’s mission, objectives, strategies and policies Situation Analysis - the process of finding a strategic fit between external opportunities and internal strengths while working around external and internal weaknesses Wheelen / Hunger, 2010, p 224 SWOT Analysis SWOT- Strengths-WeaknessesOpportunities-ThreatsRead MoreCar Industry: Swot Analysis1670 Words   |  7 Pagesn d e p e n d s o n t h e i n t e r p l a y o f m a n y f o r c e s o r s t i m u l i . P r o d u c t o f f e r i n g t h r o u g h s o m e p r o m o t i o n a l m e t h o d s i s t h e i n i t i a l s t i m u l i . T h e m a r k e t i n g a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l s t i m u l i e m e r g e f r o m c u l t u r a l , s o c i a l , p e r s o n a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s . T h e c u s t o m e r s j u d g e t h e d e a l s i n s e v e r a l w a y s . T h e r e p u t a

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 876 Words

The police and prosecution are capable of pursuing criminal charges for marijuana possession, however there is a lack of consensus with regard to the legal status of marijuana in Canada. Where the superior and appellate courts in Ontario have declared marijuana laws to be of no force and/or effect and public opinion polls have found an increasing majority of agreement in that marijuana use should not be a criminal offence, Justin Trudeau announced that the possession of marijuana for recreational and medicinal use would be legalized. Taking the form of a federal/provincial/territorial process created to discuss a joint suitable process for the legalization of possession for recreational and medicinal purposes, the plan is to remove marijuana consumption and incidental possession from the Criminal Code. Nevertheless the Liberal governments pledge to legalize marijuana use is a step that raises health, social policy, and criminal justice issues, whilst also encompassing economic and f inancial impacts. However, the news article â€Å"Legal pot revenue could reach $5B a year†, neglects to incorporate many of these themes, focusing strictly on the tax revenues in which Canada s federal and provincial governments will collect from the sale of legal marijuana. Previously, the Canadian government neglected to endorse marijuana use due to serious fears related to public health, safety and security risks. However, the Marihuana Medical Access Regulations (MMAR) program was recognizedShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believ e that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the m edical side of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this would

California Critical Thinking Skills Test Education Essay Free Essays

string(285) " to find the scholars ‘ learned preferable behaviour forms after taking a class, Bloom ‘s taxonomy has long been applied by pedagogues, instructional interior decorators in order to orient and accomplish the aims, lesson, and appraisals \( Joyce A ; Weil, 1996 \) \." Most attacks to developing critical thought are rooted in doctrine. The philosophical positions of believing are based on ground in order to steer behaviour with formal logic harmonizing to Aristotle and Plato and formal logic. The formal logic attack has appeared since the 1950s and after that in the stuffs developed by Lipman ( 1985 ) and Ennis ( 1985 ; 1987 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on California Critical Thinking Skills Test Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other manus, in the early 1990s, Marzano ( 1991 ) declared that critical thought is now utilizing psychological attacks every bit good as philosophical 1s. The psychological attacks consider the human head as a working mechanism that can be studied from cognitive psychological positions that include metacognition, componential ( sum uping, comparing, analysing, oppugning and developing visuals ) and heuristics ( job resolution and decision-making ) . Dispositional attack is besides another attack, introduced by Marzano ( 1991 ) , as wonts of head, cognitive mental sets for specific state of affairss. The socially-based attacks adjoin the philosophical and psychological attacks represented by Heath ( 1991 ) . A societal attack includes larning to believe critically in collaborative acquisition state of affairss. Thankss to these diverse attacks, critical thought has become broader. Benesch ( 1993 ) , one of the postmodernist advocates, gives us a different definition of critical thought. She believes that critical thought is a procedure of oppugning the position quo and of disputing bing cognition and the societal order. She sees it as a investigation for societal, political and historical beginnings of conventional cognition and an orientation to change acquisition and society. Harmonizing to Benesch and her followings, critical thought is a democratic acquisition procedure which encourages scholars to take part actively and raise issues of concern in their day-to-day lives. Therefore, the scholars can associate their ain experience to the linguistic communication, political relations, and the history of the new civilization. In malice of the effectivity and efficiency of critical thought and promoting learning critical thought in schoolrooms, pedagogues, trial shapers, and experts are concerned about scholars ‘ hapless critical thought. The fact is that the scholars ever do non utilize good thought accomplishments or they add indefensible premise into their logical thinking and have jobs to happen alternate solutions and believe creatively. Another job is the important power over scholars by publishing house and writers. In order to antagonize this power, Heath ( 1991 ) points out that pupils must hold certain premises before they can show critical thought, and get their ain authorization through critical thought. Aside from all the attacks with different definitions in which there is much convergence and treatments of the jobs in order to happen solutions to heighten the scholars ‘ critical thought, attempts on developing this accomplishment have non ever been successful. Students ‘ critical thought accomplishments improve as pupils progress but public presentation by and large remains under expected degree ( Tsui, 1998 ) . 2.2.1 Bloom ‘s Taxonomy In 1956, Bloom introduced the taxonomy of educational aims in a signifier of categorization of the purposes of the educational procedure to help teachers in the rating of their class stuff and proving results. A peculiarly utile characteristic of Bloom ‘s taxonomy is the hierarchical agreement of cognitive abilities that provides a straightforward method for instructors to plan instructional aims and activities that relate straight to want learning results. The cognitive sphere of Bloom ‘s taxonomy included six major subdivisions from lower order believing accomplishments ( LOTS ) to higher order believing accomplishments ( LOTS ) : cognition, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and rating. Bloom defined ‘knowledge ‘ as â€Å" those behaviours and trial state of affairss which emphasize the memory, either by acknowledgment or callback, of thoughts, stuff, or phenomena † ( p.62 ) . In add-on, ‘comprehension ‘ is defined as â€Å" pupils ‘ abilities to understand what is being communicated and analyse its content † ( p.89 ) . In this respect, Bloom considered comprehension as three signifiers of behaviour: interlingual rendition, reading, and extrapolation. The following class is ‘applying ‘ that shows how a scholar can use what has been learned to new state of affairss. In Bloom ‘s point of position, â€Å" analysis emphasizes the dislocation of the stuff into its component parts and sensing of the relationships of the parts and of the manner they are organized † ( p.144 ) . The most originative behaviour in this taxonomy, ‘synthesis ‘ , was defined as the â€Å" seting together of elements and parts so as to organize a whole † ( p.162 ) . Furthermore, the last measure, ‘evaluation ‘ , was regarded as â€Å" devising of judgements about the value of thoughts, plants, and solutions † ( p.185 ) . Originally, Bloom ‘s taxonomy was based on the behaviourist theory and groups educational activities into three chief classs that affect the procedure of larning in different ways: cognitive, affectional, and psychomotor ( Krathwohl, Bloom A ; Bertram, 1973 ) . The six classs under the ‘cognitive facet ‘ were explained from the least complex to the most complex accomplishment in the preceding paragraph. The ‘affective sphere ‘ is the manner persons deal with the growing in feelings or emotional accomplishments, including five classs of receiving, reacting, valuing, forming, and internalising. And the last 1 is ‘psychomotor sphere ‘ which focuses on the country of physical motion, coordination, and usage of motor accomplishments incorporating six degrees of perceptual experience, set, guided response, mechanism, complex overt response and version. Although Bloom ‘s original taxonomy was a radical theoretical account which presented systematic classifications of cognitive accomplishments, Anderson and Krathworthl ( 2001 ) revised it to concentrate on the active, ongoing procedure of larning in order to assist instructors understand and implement a standards-based course of study. In add-on, other research workers developed it harmonizing to the aims that teachers, skilled specializers, and supervisors need to measure the scholars ‘ acquisition and public presentation in a given class. Anderson and Krathworthl ( 2001 ) reevaluated the original version and the revised taxonomy included memory, apprehension, using, analysing, rating and making. In other words, the revised taxonomy duplicates the six classs of the original 1 with the cognition class labeled as ‘remember ‘ , the comprehension class termed ‘understand ‘ and synthesis was changed into ‘create ‘ . They are arranged in a h ierarchal construction, but non every bit stiffly as in the original taxonomy. ( Krathwohl, 2002, p. 218 ) Since Bloom provided the tool that helps research workers to find the scholars ‘ learned preferable behaviour forms after taking a class, Bloom ‘s taxonomy has long been applied by pedagogues, instructional interior decorators in order to orient and accomplish the aims, lesson, and appraisals ( Joyce A ; Weil, 1996 ) . You read "California Critical Thinking Skills Test Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Furthermore, the cognitive taxonomy has received much attending because of its pertinence in secondary and postsecondary instruction ( Chyung, 2003 ) . Therefore, the research workers have besides used Bloom ‘s taxonomy as an assessment tool to measure pupil public presentation in traditional classs versus on-line simulations ( Boyd A ; Murphrey, 2002 ) . Based on the consequences of Garrison, Anderson, and Archer ‘s research in 2001 which utilizing Bloom ‘s six degrees of cognitive processing, they noted that over 80 % of scholars ‘ treatment stations ( online ) reflected lower degrees of thought. Similarly, Gilbert and Dabbagh ( 2005 ) reported that about 75-80 % of their pupils ‘ on-line posters were at the lower degrees of Bloom ‘s taxonomy. .In 2006, John DiMarco examined the Bloom ‘s taxonomy and Peschl ‘s manners of cognizing for categorization of larning objects on the PBS.org/teacher beginning Website. By qualitative content analysis, he found that larning objects at PBS.org/teacher beginning were instructionally designed on accomplishing aims that were lower in the cognitive sphere based on the research of Bloom and his column group and the subsequent instantiations of the 1956 work in 2002 by Krathwol and in 2005 by Krumme. Hamad Odhabi, in 2007, conducted a qualitative research in order to see the impact of laptops on pupils ‘ larning utilizing Bloom ‘s larning taxonomy. It concluded that pupils agree that larning with laptops would better pupils ‘ acquisition in the cognitive ( cognition ) and psychomotor ( pattern ) domains. Hasan SA?eker and Sevki KoA?muA?r in 2008 were done a survey which aimed at look intoing the relationship between critical thought accomplishments and in-class oppugning behaviours of English Language Teaching ( ELT ) pupils at the Faculty of Education at Mugla University. The findings of this survey revealed that the pupils in the higher mark group experienced believing procedures more intensively than the lower mark group. Recently, Churches ( 2008 ) updated the revised Bloom ‘s taxonomy to modify behaviours and actions that implemented with digital acquisition. In Bloom ‘s digital taxonomy, coaction has been added as an factor that supports the acquisition procedure. In other words, he presented the Bloom ‘s Digital Taxonomy with a set of rubrics that each of these leads the use of a digital acquisition engineering in order to accomplish Bloom ‘s acquisition degrees. In 2010, Alyson Simpson conducted a classroom-based research to look into the premiss that an information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) undertaking where kids read books and so utilize email communicating to interchange responses with other scholars will back up critical thought. Improvements in critical thought were measured utilizing lingual analysis. Although there were additions in critical thought, there was small student battle with engineering and the treatment problematised the integrating of engineering in the schoolroom through a repositioning of coaction in a blended acquisition context known as book blames. Ertmer, Sadaf and J. Ertmer in 2011 examined the relationships among inquiry types and degrees and pupils ‘ subsequent responses/interactions in on-line treatment forums and the consequences of their research supported the hypothesis that inquiries at the higher degrees of Bloom ‘s taxonomy facilitate higher degrees of pupils ‘ responses. A survey was done by El-Ghalayini in 2011, which presented a systematic design procedure for developing blended classs for undergraduate higher instruction. The instructional design procedure for e-learning was on the footing of instructional design theories and utilised three taxonomies: Bloom Taxonomy, Redeker Taxonomy and Guerra graduated table. It was found out that all the different design methodological analysiss try to supply a set of activities or guidelines that address all or portion of these determination doing procedure to guarantee the quality and/or the cost of the concluding merchandise. The meta-cognitive standards is less likely to be achieved by undergraduate scholars. Birjandi and Alizadeh were developed a study in 2013 to look into the extent to which the books employed for Teaching English as Foreign Language include critical thought accomplishments. a 70 two-item critical thought checklist based on Likert-scale and dwelling of 12 accomplishments ; viz. , comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, rating, tax write-off, initiation, balanced-thinking, multiple perspective-taking, originative thought, constructing community of minds, and cognition. However, the mark accomplishments on the checklist were chiefly based on Bloom ‘s taxonomy. The paper discussed the deficiency of critical thought in the schoolroom and stuffs and proposes some ways to include more critical thought accomplishments in the stuffs. 2.1.2. California Critical Thinking Skills Test An appropriate appraisal plan will lend to learner growing and development, ensuing in increased competency, self knowledge, self esteem, and assurance ( Allen, et al. , 1985 ) . Before 1880s, there were many arguments on definitions of critical thought as there were writers on the topic. In 1987, in order to define a clear consensus definition of critical thought, the Committee on Pre-College Philosophy of the American Philosophical Society ( APS ) began look intoing into the establishing of critical thought definition and its appraisal. A facilitator conducted an anon. , biennial intercommunication between 46 critical thought experts in the Fieldss of doctrine, psychological science, and instruction. They were from different parts of the universe, across the United States and Canada. They could accomplish the first consensus definition, and this research has been called the Delphi Report ( Facione, 1990 ) . On the other manus, critical thought accomplishments are important for each human and society every bit good, hence, set uping a proper trial to measure critical thought is a important undertaking ( Ennis, 1993 ) . There are many trials available and there are besides many ways to measure critical thought accomplishments, such as: standardised trials, locally developed trials, portfolios, essays, and competence/ public presentation appraisal. In Ennis ‘ position ( 1993 ) , about all of standardised critical thought accomplishments trials are with a format of multiple picks which are preferred for establishments in footings of cost, efficiency ; and clip. However, he noted that more researches and development in this country are needed. Before the Delphi Project, based on different theoretical concepts, there were merely three trials available for measuring critical thought accomplishments at the college degree ( Facione and Facione, 1994 ) . California Critical Thinking Skills Test ( CCTST ) developed in 1990 by Peter Facione, used the Delphi definition of critical thought as its conceptual model ( Facione A ; Facione, 1994 ) . An objectively scored standardised instrument that assesses the cognitive accomplishments dimension of critical thought. It is a 45- minute multiple pick trial with 34 points. There are an overall critical thought mark and five sub-scores can derive from CCTST, and can be used for post-test merely or pretest-posttest designs ( California Academic Press, 1996b, 1996c ) . Technical surveies have been completed on concept, content, and coincident cogency, point favoritism and trouble, and dependability ( P. A. Facione, 1991 ) . Facione and Facione, ( 1994 ) implied that increasing the length of the CCTST to increase dependability would impact its ability to be given during a typical category period. It would besides likely cause increased mental weariness due to the trouble of the inquiries and consequence in reduced dependability estimations. Hence, no dependabilities are given for the subscale tonss ( Jacobs, 1995 ) . In add-on, it is worthy to observe ( CCTST ) does non do differentiation below the belt between gender, ethnicity, degree of critical thought assurance, and major ( P. A. Facione, 1991 ) . The alpha dependability is estimated at.71 ( Jacobs, 1995 ) . From one manus, the trial manual declares that the two signifiers ( A and B ) are statistically tantamount and the same for practical intents ( California Academic Press, 1996c ) . On the other manus, Jacobs ( 1995 ) indicated that a survey of 1,383 pupils at a big university found no important difference on the unchanged points and a important difference in agencies for Form A and B, with signifier B being more hard than organize A and it shows how critical thought is extremely contextually sensitive. Construct cogency is supported in proof surveies by little but important additions in pretest-posttest tonss in experimental groups after a critical thought class was taken. Controls did non do the same additions ( Facione A ; Facione, 1994 ) . These additions were merely between 0.04 and 1.45 in average tonss, but they were statistically important for the big samples used ( McMorris, 1995 ) . This may explicate why important alterations are non seen in many of the smaller graduated table surveies. However, more psychometric research is required to allow widespread usage of CCTST in order to look into the countries where the trial is strong or weak. Raykovich ( 2000 ) conducted a survey to find whether the California Critical Thinking skills trial discriminate between first semester pupils ‘ and forth semester pupils ‘ critical thought. Consequences of this survey indicated that important additions in the CCTST entire mark were observed in the instance group. Stein et Al. ( 2003 ) were done a study in Tennessee Technological University to research methods of measuring critical thought accomplishments as portion of a public presentation support enterprise since 2000. American College Test ( ACT ) and the California Critical Thinking Skills Test ( CCTST ) were utilized as the appraisal tools. The initial trial demonstrated good face cogency and high standard cogency when correlated with tonss on both ( ACT ) and ( CCTST ) . In Iran, Khalili and Hossein Zadeh ( 2003 ) investigated the dependability, cogency and norm of CCTST Form B. on 405 BSN nursing pupils of Nursing Faculties located in Tehran. The findings showed that the inquiries of trial is sufficiently dependable as a research tool, and all subscales measure a individual concept, Critical Thinking, and are able to separate the individuals with different degrees of critical thought. Husband ( 2006 ) employed the CCTST appraisal tool on a computing machine information engineering unit of direction to look into the effectivity of critical thought learning methodological analysiss. The survey concluded that the average tonss from the post-test were non significantly higher than the pre-test mean tonss. In 2008, Yang and Chou investigated the relationship between critical thought accomplishments and temperaments and the effectivity of different degrees of on-line instructional scheme. Findingss presented that the sweetening in critical thought accomplishments reinforced critical thought temperaments, but the betterment in critical thought temperaments did non increase the degree of critical thought accomplishments. Cotter and Tally in 2009 examined the effectivity of the critical thought exercisings on critical thought accomplishments. It was revealed that the critical thought assignments did non hold a positive consequence on either formal operational idea or critical thought accomplishments. Dehghani et Al. ( 2011 ) conducted a descriptive-correlation survey aimed to see the relationship between pupils ‘ self-efficacy and critical thought in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The consequences revealed a significantly positive relationship between pupils ‘ self-efficacy and critical thought. 2.2 Ex Reading and Critical Thinking Many research workers have emphasized the importance of including extended reading in foreign linguistic communication course of study ( Day A ; Bamford, 1998 ; Grabe, 1995 ; Krashen, 1982 ) Extensive reading is an attack to 2nd linguistic communication ( L2 ) reading direction and aims to do covering big sums of reading stuff gratifying for scholars, as Day A ; Bamford, ( 1998 ) believe ; reading addition without reading hurting. It besides needs to observe that upon scrutiny of Bamford ‘s ( 2000 ) annotated bibliography on ER, one rapidly discovers that a good figure of ER plans use simplified books or ranked readers as the basic reading stuff ( Day and Bamford, 1988 ) . A figure of experimental and quasi-experimental surveies have been conducted to analyze the effectivity of ER and to supply support for the usage of ER in 2nd linguistic communication ( ESL ) and EFL scenes. ER surveies have shown that their participants improved in countries such as reading comprehension, spread outing vocabulary cognition, and heightening composing accomplishments and Many English as a foreign linguistic communication ( EFL ) research workers ( e.g. , Camiciottoli, 2001 ; Day A ; Bamford, 1998 ; Krashen, 1982 ; Mason A ; Krashen, 1997 ; Robb A ; Susser, 1989 ; Yamashita, 2004 ) have suggested ER as a good scheme to better reading proficiency, and a big figure of surveies ( e.g. , Elley A ; Mangubhai, 1981 ; Greenberg, Rodrigo, Berry, Brinck A ; Joseph, 2006 ; Hafiz A ; Tudor, 1990 ; Lai, 1993 ) have confirmed its effectivity in edifice lingual competency ( e.g. , reading ability, vocabulary, composing and spelling accomplishments ) . Numerous schoolroom activ ities utilizing graded readers have besides been described ( e.g. , Bamford A ; Day, 2004 ; Nakanishi, 2005 ) . On the other manus, In order to larn English successfully, EFL learners non merely necessitate to get the four macro accomplishments composing, but besides need to develop critical analytical accomplishments. Traditionally, among the four macro accomplishments, the educational accent has preponderantly been on the acquisition of productive accomplishments. The importance of receptive accomplishments, and the development of critical accomplishments, has most frequently been neglected in the context of EFL scenes ; consequently, there has been less infinite to develop critical thought among scholars. Reading is a medium that a instructor usage to further scholars ‘ critical thought and tonss of the text editions include assignments and activities purported to tap into critical thought accomplishments. Distinguishing among four types of reading, it can be said that extended reading ( ER ) is one of the most good, since it promotes the development of critical thought. This means critical thought is an of import accomplishment ESL pupils need to develop from extended reading stuffs which are books of their pleasance to go analytical and witting people about the environment that surrounds them. Learners need to believe about the stuffs they read and use their ain conceptualisations and scholars can larn to hold or differ with the texts they have read in order to show their points of position. Previous surveies on the effects of extended reading ( text-based and on-line stuffs ) had adopted assorted research designs, but few provide deduction for the consequence of extended reading on critical thought accomplishments. The focal point of the present survey is on the relationship between ER and critical thought. 2.3 Concordancer With the coming of engineering and its attendant impact on stylistics literary surveies, the quality of instruction and acquisition in linguistic communication schoolrooms has been enhanced. An effort has been made to incorporate computing machines, the Internet and computer-aided plan as tools in linguistic communication schoolrooms to ease the instruction and acquisition. The most of import end of modern teaching method is to assist scholars travel beyond the lower order cognitive accomplishments to the higher order believing 1s, including application, analysis, synthesis, and rating ( Bloom et al.,1956 ) . These accomplishments are necessary for scholars to analyse, measure, synthesise, utilize critical penetration, be originative, work collaboratively, work out jobs, and direct their ain acquisition ( Romiszowski, 1996 ) . In order to obtain command of these accomplishments, instructors need to supply larning environments that are learner-centered, reliable, problem-based and collaborative. With increasing figure of research, the good effects of ( on-line ) computer-assisted plans on linguistic communication acquisition have emerged. They have intended to back up the pedagogical concerns in the schoolrooms. Among the modern instruction AIDSs, concordancers characterized as computer-based plans became available in the 1980s and a figure of surveies have been conducted to supply empirical grounds to the effectivity of principal concordancing in linguistic communication schoolrooms ( Hadley, 2000 ; Ilse, 1991 ; Lee A ; Liou, 2003 ; Someya, 2000 ; St. John, 2001 ) and of import developments began in the 1990s, get downing with publications recommending the usage of principals and harmonies in linguistic communication instruction ( Tribble A ; Jones, 1990 ) . Concordancers provide a list of frequence happenings in a pre-selected principal and affect exposing the defined points within the current context. They search for happenings of a given word, portion of a word, combination of words, a punctuation grade, affix, or a phrase or construction within a given text principal to demo its immediate context ( Granger, 1998 ; Biber, Conrad A ; Reppen, 1998 ) . Through this, scholars can develop their ability to detect, to theorize and to place forms in the mark linguistic communication ( Johns, 1988 ) . In add-on, the end product of concordancer hunts and nowadayss scholars with reliable, existent picks that linguistic communication users make and allows them to research and detect ordinary forms of word or sentence use in assorted manners. Therefore, the capableness of contextual illation can be well enhanced by supplying multiple contexts for a given word with the assistance of a computing machine system ( Cobb, 1997, 1999 ) . As a consequence, harmonies have been used for a scope of intents. By utilizing concordancers, the scholars can research characteristics of mark linguistic communication independently, including regulations of grammar, the use in different context, and lexical properties. This, accordingly, leads to data-driven acquisition ( DDL ) ( e.g. Johns, 1994 ) . By this pedagogical attack, scholars are research workers, who discover and analyze regulations and forms embedded in the informations instead than implementing rule application exercisings or following a spoon feeding attack. Prior surveies have shown that a DDL attack creates a learner-centered acquisition ambiance in which scholars are involved in explorative concordance-based undertakings to spread out their linguistic communication experience ( Biber, Conrad, A ; Reppen, 1998 ) . Furthermore, they can detect the implicit in linguistic communication forms on their ain, and therefore they become active participants in the acquisition procedure ( Brown, 2001 ; Johns, 1997 ; Sun, 1999 ) . Therefore, the data-driven attack utilizing harmony package stimulates the scholars ‘ analytical capacities, improves their expressed cognition of mark linguistic communication, advances critical linguistic communication consciousness, and supports the development of scholar liberty. Furthermore, scholars themselves besides show positive reactions to DDL and utilizing concordancer due to their turning consciousness of descriptive instead than normative linguistic communication ( Chambers, 2005 ; Yeh, Liou, A ; Li, 2007 ) . Consequently, equipped with Language Awareness ( Hawkins, 1987, Wolff, 1992 ) , Consciousness-raising ( Sharwood-Smith, 1981, Rutherford, 1987 ) and Critical Thinking ( Astleitner, 2002 ; Facione, 2007 ; Paul, 1995 ) through concordancer, scholars change inactive information from the huge sum of different available lingual characteristics into dynamic end product to explicate the linguistic communication regulations in their ain public presentation. Several surveies have been carried out to measure the potency of utilizing concordancer and research attacks to incorporate concordancing tools into linguistic communication acquisition and instruction ( Chen, 2000 ; Cobb, 1997 ; Conrad, 1999 ; Flowerdew, 1993 ; Turnbull A ; Burston, 1998 ) . Besides, several surveies were conducted to look into the efficaciousness of harmonies in EFL schoolroom ( Sripicharn, 2003 ; Boulton, 2008 ) . In Todd ‘s ( 2001 ) survey, a category of college pupils consulted a web-based principal to assist with their self-corrections of lexical mistakes. The consequences showed that these pupils were able to bring on valid forms from their self-selected harmonies and to do valid self-corrections of their mistakes. Gabel, in 2001, conducted a research in which focused on another possibility of using concordancers, viz. a comparative survey taking at penetrations into the scholars ‘ lingua franca ( IL ) and examined the over-indulgence and under-representation of lingual characteristics in the linguistic communication usage of advanced German EFL pupils. It was concluded that scholars benefited because they tried to bridge the spread between their ain public presentation and that of native talkers. In add-on, in Malaysia, the survey carried out by Daud and Husin ( 2004 ) indicated the potency of a literary text, Othello, and a concordancer in developing and heightening critical thought ability and the findings revealed that there is a important difference between the experimental and control groups in their critical thought ability. In 2003, Sun conducted a survey that endeavored to implement reading plan, Extensive Reading Online ( ERO ) , having specific demands for EFL scholars in Taiwan. He utilised concordancer, stage-by-stage reading scheme preparation, and text note maps. As the consequences, pupils held a positive attitude toward the reading system. Again, in the same twelvemonth, Sun worked on a instance survey by three Chinese college pupils which conducted the acquisition procedure in the concordancer puting. During set abouting a proofreading activity, a web-based concordancer assisted the participants. Four factors evolved the consequences and scholars ‘ larning procedure: ( 1 ) prior cognition, ( 2 ) cognitive accomplishments, ( 3 ) instructor intercession and ( 4 ) concordancer accomplishments. Concordancer is besides good in the acquisition of vocabulary ( Cobb, 1997 ; Zahar et al.,2001 ) . In add-on, the 2nd linguistic communication vocabulary cognition includes balls, such as collocations or parlances ( Nation, 2001 ) . Much of the research on concordancers has focused on grammar and collocation acquisition. It is believed that collocational cognition is hard to get for linguistic communication scholars ( church et.al. , 1991 ) and it ‘s particularly effectual for sentence coevals ( Smadja A ; Mckeown,1990 ) . Sun and Wang ( 2003 ) , with a category of 11th grade pupils in Taiwan, examined the consequence of concordancing on larning grammatical collocations and they found the inductive group significantly outperformed deductive group in the proofreading undertaking. Similarly, Lee and Liou ( 2003 ) probed into the consequence of pupils as principal research workers by measuring and comparing the lexical public presentation of pupils and the consequences showed tha t concordancer searching was good to pupils who employed inductive acquisition schemes. In the field of collocation, in 2005, Chan and Liou carried out a survey to research the impact of utilizing five web-based pattern units on English verb-noun collocations with the assistance of a web-based Chinese-English bilingual concordancer. Consequences indicated that scholars improved significantly after the on-line pattern at one time but regressed subsequently. Furthermore the on-line instructional units with using the concordancer were acceptable to most scholars. In the context of ESL scholars, Horst et Al. ( 2005 ) blended the usage of a harmony, a dictionary, a cloze-builder, a hypertext, and a database with synergistic self-quizzing characteristics in several academic English classs and evaluated the effects of the tools and activities on 150 pupils. The findings evidenced the acquisition additions provided support for vocabulary acquisition. Webb and Kagimoto ( 2011 ) , examined the effects of three factors ( the figure of collocates per node word, the place of the node word, synonymity ) on larning collocations. The consequences revealed that more collocations were learned as the figure of collocates per node word increased, the place of the node word did non impact acquisition, and synonymity had a negative consequence on acquisition. Additionally, few surveies have addressed issues refering the sweetening of scholars ‘ composing accomplishments. In this respect, Yeh, Liou and Li ( 2007 ) carried out another research under the rubric of on-line equivalent word stuffs and concordancing for EFL college composing. They addressed overused adjectives by non-native speech production scholars by assistance of a bilingual collocation concordancer, TANGO. The findings showed that, non merely they improved in the immediate posttest, but besides pupils ‘ word cognition for equivalent word usage was retained as measured two months subsequently in the delayed posttest. Furthermore, in the post-instruction authorship undertaking, pupils avoided utilizing general adjectives, tried to use more specific points to better their overall authorship quality. Sun ( 2007 ) besides examined the effects that the scholar variables had on participants ‘ perceptual experience of the on-line Scholarly Writing Template ( SWT ) . The consequences of the survey showed that the templet had different effects on pupils ‘ scholarly composing procedures and usage of scheme. Indeed, pupils held a positive attitude towards the scholarly authorship templet. Besides, concordancers allow linguistic communication scholars to prosecute in larning more actively and to seek for lingual forms by straight researching computerized principals and concordancers, in other words, concordancers can be used as the key tools in the data-driven acquisition ( DDL ) attack. By computer-based DDL attack, scholars can seek the principal with the aid of a concordancer. In Iran, Tabriz, Jafarpour and Koosha ( 2007 ) studied concordancing stuffs presented through data-driven learning attack and the findings showed that the data-driven attack is extremely effectual in the instruction and larning collocation of prepositions. Another survey in Taiwan explored the DDL attack utilizing harmony roll uping package in instruction of J. K. Rowling ‘s utilizations of the preposition in Harry Potter and the Philosopher ‘s Rock by Lee ( 2009 ) which expressed data-driven acquisition is helpful for pupils both in fixing for their tests and besides for their general English acquisition. In 2011, Chen undertook a research to find if the new tool, WebCollocate, which is based on a big portion of speech-tagged Gutenberg principal could advance the DDL attack and ease the searching of collocations. The consequences indicated that the pupils who used the WebCollocate tool found more proper English collocates. And Thanh ( 2010 ) , in Netherland, designed a study to analyze the consequence of concordancing and staging in developing scholars ‘ cognition of lexical collocations. This survey revealed that scaffolding did non do a important difference in footings of the pupils ‘ ability to place ( myocardial infarction ) collocations but concordancing produced important effects on the topics ‘ overall public presentation in lexical collocation. Further, in the field of interlingual rendition, bilingual concordancers are one the most widely used computer-assisted interlingual rendition tools amongst transcribers. Bourdaillet et Al. ( 2011 ) studied the betterment of the commercial bilingual concordancer, TransSearch, in order to implant a word alliance characteristic. The consequences gained utilizing a big interlingual rendition memory comprising of 8.3 million sentence braces were verified by human rating. Most of the above-named surveies have been done with different ESL or EFL scholars at different degrees of proficiency. Holec ( 1990 ) and Hadley ( 2002 ) claimed that concordancing might be relevant to progress scholars merely as those of lower degrees do non hold plenty lingual resources and analytical accomplishments to get by with reliable informations. In this respect, this survey aims to present scholars who are at the same degree of proficiency and in a homogeneous category as intermediate degree. Otherwise, concerns sing troubles in comprehending and pull outing information from linguistic communication illustrations will be prevailing in linguistic communication schoolrooms ( Sun, 2003 ) . On the other manus, the surveies show that concordancing-based interventions could be good for English acquisition. Although, other surveies have examined the effects of concordancing on assorted facets of linguistic communication acquisition. Yet few old surveies have examined the impact of concordancing on the acquisition of reading accomplishment. Therefore, it may be good to plan concordance-based stuffs with the purpose of developing scholars ‘ reading accomplishments through concordance-based extended reading. Using different reliable narratives alternatively of working on one literary text will promote scholars to be involved with different characters and genres and will perchance do a more optimal usage of concordancer hunts. In other words, larning can be driven by reliable linguistic communication informations ( Johns 1991a, Johns 1991b ) . Since a few surveies have been carried out to turn to the proficiency of reading accomplishment by assistance of computer-based plan, concordancer, the present survey seeks to research the impact of computer-assisted extended readingA direction on EFL scholars ‘ reading comprehension. How to cite California Critical Thinking Skills Test Education Essay, Essay examples

Tesco Management Principles

Questions: Task 1 Briefly explain:manager, management and organisation.Assess the significance of managers in achieving organisational success for a company of your own choice.Task 2 Analyse how size and strategy of a company can affect its organisational structure? Support your answer with relevant examples.Task 3 Scenario: Tesco has said it will close 43 unprofitable stores across the UK, The firm is also shelving plans to open a further 49 new "very large" stores.Additionally, Tesco is closing its staff pension scheme, will make cuts of 250m and reduce overheads by 30%. Shares in Tesco rose by more than 13% on Thursday, as investors welcomed the company's announcements. It comes after two years of troubles at Tesco, which has suffered falling sales, in another development, credit rating agency Moody's downgraded Tesco's rating by one notch to Ba1, equivalent to "junk" status. (BBC, 2015)Questionsa) Discuss Tescos current mission, vision and corporate strategy.b) Suggest and explain the process thatcan help Tesco to formulate its corporate strategy for the year 2015.c) What do you understand by the term organisational culture?Can Tesco improveits performance by changing its culture? Discuss. Answer: Introduction: The project focuses on the management, the management principles and the requirement of management in an Organization. It analyses the role of manager in an organization. How a management is responsible to make an Organization reach its desired goal. The definition of management states that it is about people who builds a design for an organization and decides how the various aspect of an organization will interact. Task 1 Manager: Manager refers to the person who takes the responsibility of directing and planning for a group of individuals, and monitors their task using the remedial measures when required. It is one of the initial tasks in management (Reviews, 2013). Managers may instruct the employees directly or may manage supervisors who instruct the workers. One must be familiar with the nature of work of all groups he/ she supervises but does not need to be the best in any or all of the areas (Daft and Marcic, 2014). It is more important for the manager to know how to manage the workers than to know how to do their task well. Management The association and synchronization of business activities in order to achieve a defined objective is known as management. It is often considered as one of the significant factor for production along with capital, labor and land. Innovation and marketing is the bread and butter of management (Griffin, 2012). The origin of management started when enterprises confronted certain failures while operation. Controlling, directing, planning, organizing and creating policy are a part of management. Organization: An organization is an association or entity, which has combined goal and is connected to its peripheral environment. In order to meet their need and pursue their collective goals, it is important for an organization to manage their activities (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011). Every organization has a structure that establishes the relationships between the members and their activities and assigns and subdivides authority responsibility and roles to carry out various functions. It is a form of open system and is affected by their surroundings. Significance of a manager in standard Chartered Bank: It is a UK base multinational company in financial service and banking, operating in treasury service, institutional banking, corporate banking and customer service. It is almost 150 years old and its headquarters are in London. Being one of the largest banks in UK, it is regulated by the Authority of Financial Contact and Authority of Prudential Regulation (Sc.com, 2015). There are certain significant roles that a manager should perform in order to achieve an Organizations goal. They are: A manager encourages innovation: A manager facilitates expansion Manager tries to improve the life of workers He is the medium between organization and people A manager keeps maintains the image of an organization A manager motivates the company employees A manager leads the team of operation A manager motivates his employees and leads them so that they could be more productive and contribute to the profitability of the company (Daft and Marcic, 2014). In Standard Chartered, a manager leads his team to obtain his daily target. He ensures whether there is any issue between the employees and the bank. He applies innovative strategies to attract customers. Task 2: An Organizational Structure refers to the system which an organization follows that states the role of each individual (Aquinas, 2008). It explains how activities like supervision, coordination and task allocation are instructed for achieving the targets of an organization. While deciding on the effective design and structure of an organization, the size of the organization makes an impact. Depending on the organizational size, the organizational structure is formed (Hill and Jones, 2013). The organizational Size affects the organizations structure in many ways, they are: 1. The size affects the specialization of work. The size or the number of people in an organization determines the subdivision of jobs. The more number to jobs in a company the ore number of skilled people are required (Hodson and Sullivan, 2011). In a company with less than 20 employees the number of job roles will be few in compared to big organizations where there will be more number of job profiles and the number of employees working would also be more. For example in a bank like Standard chartered there are many designations like branch manager, executive officer, officer, assistant officer, junior officer trainees, regional manager, finance manager, Hr manager etc. But in a small company they might not have posts like junior officer, regional manager etc. 2. According to the size of an organization departments are divided According to the size, a company divides its departments which states how various jobs will be grouped. A high degree of division in departments are done in large organizations where as less departments are requires in a small organization . In large organization departmentalization is a necessary criterion so that the workforce may have a clear understanding about their task. Suppose in a small retail store the number of department will be less and in a large retail store there will be many departments where the number of people would also be more. 3. The size determined the formalization. Formalization of an organization determines the extent to which the organizations are regulated. It also states the degree of maintaining regulations and rules among its workers. Hence this shows like an organization well established with a good number of employees would require a higher degree of regulations than an organization of minimum size. The strategies of a company affect the organizational structure in many ways. The organizational goals are obtained from the strategies of an organization. Thus it states that the structure of an organization and the strategies are close connected. For example, if a company attempts to apply strategy for expansion then it would a flexible structure. If the organizations management takes innovative decision for adopting new strategy then there will be a sheer need for modifying the organizational structure. Organizations like General Motors, Tesco, Sainsbury and various private manufacturing industries follow a flexible structure due to new strategies adopted for growth and sustenance. Task 3: An aspirational view which indicates the future prospect of a company about where it aims to reach is known as Vision. It creates a standard for the expectations of a company. Tesco is an organization which is very much depended on its employees and customers. The strategic decisions and gaols of the organization are driven by its vision (Witcher and Chau, 2010). There are five elements in the vision of Tesco; they are (Tescocorp.com, 2015): Tesco wants to be known for its need and want among the customer. Tesco aims to grow its business with ample of opportunities. Application of innovative and modern ideas, Acquiring the loyalty and trust of customers through staff service. The mission of Tesco is: To shift from being a top force not only in AMSS company but also to rig full upholding of the company To enhance from Customer Departmental Store Service Company to a broad base, full offering tubular service enterprise. To shift their focus from product sales enterprise to a full-fledged company of mechanization products. Corporate Strategy of TESCO: Customer Loyalty: they have a system of club card which ensures their customer loyalty. It is widely operated in countries like Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, UK and Ireland. This system calculates the points that a customer earns while buying a certain amount of products from the store (Tesco.com, 2015). Products: Tesco concentrates on providing good quality of products and always tries to satisfy their customer with the product. Stores: Tesco tries to develop their existing stores and invests on them so that customer feels a sense of refreshment very time they visit. This kind of strategy increases the frequency of visit for the customers. Customer Service: they intend to provide first class customer service in order to get good feedback. They focus more on after sale service for customer retention. Process that can help Tesco to formulate its corporate strategy Tesco can increase its customer loyalty by many ways, some of them are: Employee motivation: with the help of schemes that can provide employee benefits apart from pension can motivate the employees to work better. Though pension schemes provides securities to worker, incentives can be introduces which would increase the productivity of employees. To show their gratitude in innovative way: It must be done so that customer feels elated as a buyer of Tesco products. In retail chains it is very important to increase the number of customers and to satisfy their present customers. So in order to do so they need to assure that each customer is valued with a sense of gratification. To acquire information on existing customers: there should be a record keeping system for customers like Customer database with the help of which the managers will be able to understand the needs and demands of their customers. To keep in touch with the customers: in order to maintain a good relationship with the customers it is essential to keep in touch via various mediums like telephone call, text message and similar types. This makes the customer feel special and part of the organization. Sometimes this king of maintaining relations attracts others who are not a customer of the company. To provide customers services more than their expectations: a company like Tesco needs to identify what more does the customer expects from Tesco and tries to make things upto their expectation. Like recently Tesco has made an app for the customers so that they could continue buying and get more facilities with the help of this application. Provide as much information as they can to their customers: the customer has the right to know information about the products they are going to buy and it would be more advantageous to them if Tesco can not only educate their customers but also provide more information than required. This strategy helps to increase the customers interest. b) Organizational Culture: A process of shared beliefs, values and cultures that controls the behaviour of the people of an organization is known as Organizational culture (Clegg and Hardy, 2012). The beliefs and values that are shared have influence over the Organizations people and guide them on their performance, their appearance and their jobs (Keyton, 2011). The vision mission and the values of an organization influence its culture (Cameron and Quinn, 2011). With the help of its strategies Tesco can improve its organizational culture. Like, one of its missions is to increase its customer loyalty, in order to increase the customer loyalty an organization needs to be more customer oriented and have a friendly environment all around. Hence the employees behaviour is influenced by the vision of Tesco. By changing the atmosphere like technological advancement, use of Information technology and many other technologies it can change the organizational culture and thus it would conclude in productivity increase. Conclusion For every Organization, the management and people are the most important factor and in order to run the organization successfully both management and people has to work efficiently. Today along with other factors of production the Information technology also plays a key role. Today along with manpower technology runs hand in hand. The organizational People should be prepared to adopt cultural technical and organizational changes. Even management seeks for innovation and applies various strategies. References Aquinas, P. (2008).Organization Structure and Design: Applications and Challenges. Excel Books, p.538. Cameron, K. and Quinn, R. (2011).Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Clegg, S. and Hardy, C. (2012).Studying organization. London: SAGE Publ. Daft, R. and Marcic, D. (2014).Building management skills. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Griffin, R. (2012).Management. 11th ed. Cengage Learning, p.720. Griffin, R. and Moorhead, G. (2011).Organizational Behavior. 10th ed. Cengage Learning, p.608. Hill, C. and Jones, G. (2013).Strategic management. Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Hodson, R. and Sullivan, T. (2011).The Social Organization of Work. 5th ed. Cengage Learning, p.528. Keyton, J. (2011).Communication and Organizational Culture. SAGE Publications, p.215. Reviews, C. (2013).Studyguide for organizational behavior. [S.l.]: Cram101 Incorporated. Sc.com, (2015).About Us - Standard Chartered Bank United Kingdom. [online] Available at: https://www.sc.com/uk/about-us/index.html [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Tesco.com, (2015).Corporate strategy. [online] Available at: https://www.tesco.com/investorInformation/report97/review/page1.html [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Tescocorp.com, (2015).Vision, Mission and Values. [online] Available at: https://www.tescocorp.com/bins/content_page.asp?cid=4-1167 [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Witcher, B. and Chau, V. (2010).Strategic management. Andover: Cengage.